Ideologies and Upheavals

1.
Introduction:
Chapter 22: Ideologies and Upheavals fixates on the dual revolution of politics paired with industrial progress. Vigorous forces from the strongest nations in Europe meet within the Congress of Vienna and Klemens von Metternich of Austria appears as the most influential of all leaders. The Congress and the Balance of Power used to maintain the, well, balance of power between the nations is very effective until new political and social beliefs come into play. These beliefs - socialism, nationalism, and liberalism; lead to an increase in political tension within European countries. During the advancements in politics, their was also a social movement of individual freedom and personal expression called romanticism. The Potato Famine destroyed the Irish population because they were so dependent on the potato as a crop.

Chapter Objective:
Understand who the important people were politically and socially, and why. Relate their impact(s) to modern day society and legislation.

Essential Question:
Who were the main influences of this time period and why were they so important to the continued growth of European culture?

Klemens von Metternich - Minister of Austria who became the front-runner for conservatism during the Congress of Vienna.

Karl Marx - Writer of the Communist Manifesto and "founder" of communism itself.

William Wordsworth - English writer who was the leader of romanticism within England. He was influenced greatly by Rousseau and the French Revolution.

Eugene Delacroix - Considered the "one of the greatest and most moving" romantic painters in France. His most famous work is his painting Liberty Leading the People.

Ludwig van Beethoven - Considered the "first great romantic composer". Beethoven's compositions were so magnificent that they are just as, if not more, well-known today as they were back in his time.

Louis XVIII - Ruler of France. Issued a Constitutional Charter (liberal constitution) that made great gains for the middle class and peasantry, allowed for fantastic intellectual and artistic freedom and created a Parliament with two houses. But, this charter still only allowed for the wealthiest of males to vote.

Charles X - Successor to Louis. Led a force of 37,000 men across the Algiers to take the capital of Algeria. Repudiated the Constitutional Charter, stripped wealthy middle class of voting rights, and censored the press. He was overthrown in "three glorious days".

Louis Philippe - Ruler after Charles fled. Accepted Constitutional Charter and adopted the modern day red, white and blue flag of the French Revolution. He considered himself the "king of the French people" but did nothing measurable to prove as such.

2.
      Eugene Delacroix

Eugene Delacroix was a French Romantic artist who was regarded as one of the best, if not THE best Romantic artist to ever exist. His form of painting laid the groundwork for many of the modern-day impressionists and various other painting styles. His subjects, mainly the most exotic and outrageous things possible, influenced the artists and sculptures of the Symbolist movement in the late Nineteenth century. Delacroix held a strong identification with the "forces of the sublime" - the moments of nature during violence and it's utmost action-packed peak.



 Ludwig van Beethoven

Beethoven was a German composer and pianist. He was an extremely important part of the Romantic era of Western Art Music. He is, in the opinions of many people, the most famous and influential of all composers. During the peak of his fame, Beethoven's hearing began to slowly fade away. Even with this handicap, he continued to compose, conduct and perform to the best of his ability. Many had high opinions of Beethoven, one man said "Beethoven's music sets in motion the lever of fear, of awe, of horror, of suffering, and awakens just that infinite longing which is the sense of Romanticism."



     Klemens von Metternich

Metternich was an Austrian- born German politician and one of the most important diplomats to ever come from Austria. During his lifetime, he served in the Congress of Vienna and as the Foreign Minister of the Holy Roman Empire. His strict belief in conservatism led to his declaration of the Carlsbad Decrees. These decrees ordered the 38 German states to uphold Metternich's conservatism and root out all liberal organizations and subversive ideas that could possibly overthrow Metternich and his beliefs.



3.
       Missouri Compromise

The Missouri Compromise was an agreement passed in 1820, with the help of president James Monroe, between the anti-slavery and pro-slavery portions of the United States of America. It prohibited slavery in the former Louisiana Territory above the 36th parallel except within the boundaries of Missouri. This allowed the people of Missouri to draft their own Constitution and form their government. Maine was admitted into the Union as a free state and Missouri was admitted into the Confederacy as a slave state.
       Monroe Doctrine

Named after president James Monroe, The Monroe Doctrine is a policy that, in essence, officially gave all land in the United States to the Americans. This policy stated that any further efforts by Europeans nations to colonize or interfere with North or South America would be seen as an act off aggression requiring immediate United States intervention. It stated that America would not interfere with already existing European colonies. When Monroe stated this during his 7th annual State of the Union Address to Congress, it because the definition of American foreign policy.


4.
Picturing the Past:

This Painting by Joseph Turner titled The Wreck of the Minotaur depicts everything that Turner stands for. The ocean viciously tears apart the once beautiful ship without remorse. Turner showed the terror of nature within all of his paintings. Particularly in this painting there are many methods his depicts his terror. The broken part of the ship to the back right looks a lot like a monster of sorts; the dark, plain colors themselves give off a sense of hopelessness.

Analyzing the Image: In what other ways does Turner depict nature as a terrifying force? Is there anyway(s) one might take the painting and see safety rather than fear?

Connections: How is nature depicted in modern day society? Explain.

5.

3 Things I Learned

• Liberalism, socialism, and nationalism were the main reasons for the tension brought forth in government(s)
• The Great Famine was a main influence for Irish immigration to America
• Romanticism is a reaction to the Enlightenment; emotion and self is more important that logic and reason

2 Things I Found Interesting

• George Sand was, in fact, just the alias of a woman
• Beethoven was actually deaf - I just thought that was a myth

1 Question I Still Have

• Why was it that just after there was a magnificent industrial advancement (complete opposite of nature), people debate, artistically, the significance of nature?